Bruce Sterling, author of The Hacker Crackdown
In computer security, a hacker is someone who focuses on security mechanisms of computer and network systems. While including those who endeavor to strengthen such mechanisms, it is more often used by the mass media and popular culture to refer to those who seek access despite these security measures. That is, the media portrays the 'hacker' as a villain. Nevertheless, parts of the subculture see their aim in correcting security problems and use the word in a positive sense. White hat is the name given to ethical computer hackers, who utilize hacking in a helpful way. White hats are becoming a necessary part of the information security field.[7] They operate under a code, which acknowledges that breaking into other people's computers is bad, but that discovering and exploiting security mechanisms and breaking into computers is still an interesting activity that can be done ethically and legally. Accordingly, the term bears strong connotations that are favorable or pejorative, depending on the context.
The subculture around such hackers is termed network hacker subculture, hacker scene or computer underground. It initially developed in the context of phreaking during the 1960s and the microcomputer BBS scene of the 1980s. It is implicated with 2600: The Hacker Quarterly and the alt.2600 newsgroup.
In 1980, an article in the August issue of Psychology Today (with commentary by Philip Zimbardo) used the term "hacker" in its title: "The Hacker Papers". It was an excerpt from a Stanford Bulletin Board discussion on the addictive nature of computer use. In the 1982 film Tron, Kevin Flynn (Jeff Bridges) describes his intentions to break into ENCOM's computer system, saying "I've been doing a little hacking here". CLU is the software he uses for this. By 1983, hacking in the sense of breaking computer security had already been in use as computer jargon,[8] but there was no public awareness about such activities.[9] However, the release of the film War Games that year, featuring a computer intrusion into NORAD, raised the public belief that computer security hackers (especially teenagers) could be a threat to national security. This concern became real when, in the same year, a gang of teenage hackers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, known as The 414s, broke into computer systems throughout the United States and Canada, including those of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Security Pacific Bank.[10] The case quickly grew media attention,[10][11] and 17-year-old Neal Patrick emerged as the spokesman for the gang, including a cover story in Newsweek entitled "Beware: Hackers at play", with Patrick's photograph on the cover.[12] The Newsweek article appears to be the first use of the word hacker by the mainstream media in the pejorative sense.
Pressured by media coverage, congressman Dan Glickman called for an investigation and began work on new laws against computer hacking.[13][14] Neal Patrick testified before the U.S. House of Representatives on September 26, 1983, about the dangers of computer hacking, and six bills concerning computer crime were introduced in the House that year.[14] As a result of these laws against computer criminality, white hat, grey hat and black hat hackers try to distinguish themselves from each other, depending on the legality of their activities. These moral conflicts are expressed in The Mentor's "The Hacker Manifesto", published 1986 in Phrack.
Use of the term hacker meaning computer criminal was also advanced by the title "Stalking the Wily Hacker", an article by Clifford Stoll in the May 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM. Later that year, the release by Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. of the so-called Morris worm provoked the popular media to spread this usage. The popularity of Stoll's book The Cuckoo's Egg, published one year later, further entrenched the term in the public's consciousness.
Best Hacking Groups and Organizations
We all want to learn hacking but to know the best hackers and their organizations is really a
cool idea .
Followings are the world best hacking groups
Anonymous: a group of hackers originating in 2003.
Cult of the Dead Cow: also known as cDc or cDc Communications, is a computer hacker and DIY media organization founded in 1984 in Lubbock, Texas.
CyberVor: is the moniker given to a group of Russian hackers responsible for perpetrating a major 2014 theft of internet credentials
DERP: A hacker group that attacked several game sites in late 2013.
Global kOS: was a grey hat (leaning black hat) computer hacker group active from 1996 through 2000.
globalHell: was a group of hackers, composed of about 60 individuals. The group disbanded in 1999, when 12 members were prosecuted for computer intrusion and 30 for lesser offences.
Goatse Security (GoatSec): is a loose-knit, nine-person grey hat hacker group that specializes in uncovering security flaws.
Hackweiser: is an underground hacking group and hacking magazine founded in 1999.
Honker Union: is a group known for hacktivism, mainly present in Mainland China, whose members launched a series of attacks on websites in the United States, mostly government-related sites.
L0pht: was a hacker collective active between 1992 and 2000 and located in the Boston, Massachusetts area.
Level Seven (hacker group): was a hacking group during the mid to late 1990s. Eventually dispersing in early 2000 when their nominal leader "vent" was raided by the FBI on February 25, 2000.
Lizard Squad: a hacking group known for targeting the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live services.
LulzSec: a group of hackers originating and disbanding in 2011 that claimed to hack "for the lulz". Currently broken up.
Masters of Deception: initial membership grew from meetings on Loop-Around Test Lines.
milw0rm: is a group of "hacktivists" best known for penetrating the computers of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai.
NCPH: is a Chinese hacker group based out of Zigong in Sichuan Province.
P.H.I.R.M: The PHIRM was an early hacking group which was founded in the early 1980s.
RedHack: is a socialist hacker group based in Turkey, founded in 1997. They usually launch attacks against Turkish government's websites and leak secret documents of Turkish government.
Syrian Electronic Army: is a group that claims responsibility for defacing or otherwise compromising scores of websites that it contends spread news hostile to the Syrian government or fake news
TeaMp0isoN: is a group of black-hat computer hackers established in mid-2009
TeslaTeam: is a group of black-hat computer hackers from Serbia established 2010
UGNazi: A hacking group best known for several attacks on US government sites.
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